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Guatemala Volcano Seismic Considerations

Source: Wikipedia

What is a volcano?

is an opening in the surface of the earth from which molten rock out, or magma, ash, water vapor and gases. All this comes from huge underground tanks. A whole molten material reaches the surface of the earth is called LAVA.
Lava, contrary to popular opinion, does not come from the crater except for some strong flares. In most cases, lava emerges from the fissures on the flanks and base of the volcano.
When a volcano erupts, the lava comes out violently and broke into fragments, forming a so-called pyroclastic material, when this material comes in contact with the air cools and forms volcanic bombs. The smaller fragments are called slag and the material seems cold dust and sand is called volcanic ash.
The main compounds of the lavas are silica, aluminum, iron, manganese, calcium, sodium and potassium. The most common is silicon oxide. The sites from which gases emerge from the earth are called FUMAROLAS.
Most volcanoes occasionally become active and remain at rest most of the time. For human welfare are only a few continuous eruption.
The period of eruptive activity can last from one hour to several years. This was the case of the Pacaya volcano. Quiet intervals between eruptions can last for months, sometimes decades and even centuries. However, not yet discovered a reliable method to predict eruptions.

Lifetime:
The lifetime of volcanoes can vary from a few months to tens of thousands of years.

Active Volcanoes Active volcanoes are those entering eruptive activity.

dormant volcanoes dormant volcanoes are those that have some signs of activity such as hot springs and have come sporadically active. Extinct Volcanoes

extinct volcanoes are those that were active during very far and show no signs that can be reactivated in the future.


is interesting to note that some of the most devastating eruptions of volcanoes have been believed were dead. For example, the eruption of Vesuvius in Italy destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in 99 BC.
In Guatemala there are 324 bulbs eruptive. Some large (volcanoes) and other small (in some cases are known as mountains). Many of these volcanoes have been identified as hills since they are overgrown or have lost their way to the volcano. For example, Quetzaltepeque volcano located in the municipality of the same name in the department of Chiquimula, is known as Chiramay hill, and the volcano La Gabia which is located in the municipality of Pueblo Nuevo Vinas (Santa Rosa) is not recognized by the National Mountaineering Federation and the National Geographic Institute.

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANIC

Volcanoes are classified by the type of structure or volcano and the type of activity or rash occur. Both aspects are related to tectonic environment that gave rise to them. Moreover, this type of classification is not accurate and the same volcano can combine different structures as well as have changes in eruption rate formula. By its structure, the volcanoes are classified as:

Stratovolcano. have a conical shape with a central crater, the volcano is formed by successive layers of lava deposits, slag, sand and ash, a product of different eruptions. Most volcanoes in Guatemala are of this type.

boilers. are the result of large eruptions, which cause collapse or fall down the middle or around the volcano, leaving a large crater or caldera. Examples of such structures in Guatemala are the boilers and Amatitlán Atitlán, among others. Type

shield. is characterized by high mountains, with gentle slopes, formed by overlapping streams of fluid lava. Examples of this type are the volcanoes of Hawaii.

lava dome. Present smaller structures compared to the previous, with steep slopes and from the accumulation of highly viscous lava and ash flows and incandescent blocks. Example of this is the dome of Santiaguito located southwest of the volcano Santa Maria. Cone

ash or slag. cones are relatively small as the name implies are formed by the accumulation of ash and slag. Example of these are all lined hills mainly the fault of the graben Jalpatagua and Ipala.

Other types of structures are formed by combining some of the above, all these are summarized in Figure 1


type of activity for its volcanoes are classified as eruptive pattern observed in most studied volcanoes and have a defined behavior.
In general there are seven types of patterns of eruptions These are: Type Hawaiian

: is characterized by a considerable departure from very fluid magma that forms large rivers, lakes of lava. The gases are released so quietly. Violent eruptions are rare and can boost gas lava fountains that reach 500 m. high.

Strombolian type: is characterized by a regular or constant explosions throw incandescent lava pasty state. They are accompanied by lava flows and gas emissions and build cinder cones usually fairly quickly. An example of this type of activity is the Pacaya Volcano. Vulcan Type

: Eruptions are less frequent and violent mainly because the magma is more viscous and therefore the release of gases more difficult. Such eruptions are accompanied by a large cloud of ash-laden gas, sand and rock fragments that reaches several kilometers. After the explosion occurred, cleaning the fireplace, but rare a lava flow can take place either out of the main crater, secondary or lateral fissure. Example: Volcano of Fire.

Plinian type: are very violent eruptions up vertical columns of gas and pyroclastic rock fragments to several tens of kilometers. They are often accompanied by the collapse of the top of the volcano. Examples of this type of eruption was the volcano Santa Maria on October 24, 1902. Type

Fight: also characterized by their high rate of explosion associated with a viscous magma with high gas content. Could cause an explosion of rocks, gases and magma spray directed laterally very hot or clouds forming pyroclastic flows. Example, Santiaguito Volcano. Icelandic

Type: In this type there is no central crater cone, as in all others. The main feature is the emission of huge volumes of lava through fissures or cracks. Some form thin washes that cover vast areas.

table or geiseriana: These occur from contact with groundwater and fumaroles still hot rock within the volcano. Unlike all previous ascent of magma does not exist. Usually shows emission of steam and gases in the vicinity or slopes of the volcano that could last for a long time and may intensify in the rainy season. In some cases even cause an explosion that form small craters. Sample activity was phreatic eruption of the volcanoes Tacaná Acatenango in 1986 and in 1972


VOLCANOES OF GUATEMALA

In Guatemala there are approximately 288 volcanoes idenficadas structures as of volcanic origin, of these only 8 have reports of activity in historic times, and 4 are the most active today. Because of its structure are all type stratovolcano, except Santiaguito is a sequence of four dacitic lava domes, but only about 37 of them are officially recognized as "Volcanoes" by the National Mountaineering Federation recognizes and acknowledges the National Geographic Institute 32.

Guatemala's 32 volcanoes, together with the four fault lines, turn the country into an earthquake zone. Throughout history, volcanoes have been linked to events important, as were the movements of the capital city of Guatemala. The volcanoes are located in the territory just 50 km from the Pacific Ocean, on the Sierra Madre. Which in turn consitituyen a tourist attraction and here we mention the most important of these.

must also say that of the 32 volcanoes are recognized of which 3 are active, Fuego, Pacaya and Santiaguito most of the time.

altitude Guatemalan volcanoes in order (1 is the tallest). Size in meters.

1. Tajumulco 4.220 10. Cerro Quemado 3.197 19. 2.050 Alzatate 28. 1.650 Ipala
2. 4.092 Tacana 11. Toliman 3.150 20. 2.042 Suchitán 29. Ixtepeque
1.292 3. Acatenango 3.976 12. San Pedro 3.020 21. Quetzaltepeque 1.904 30. Monterrico
1.285 4. Santa Maria 3.772 13. 3.050 Cuxliquel 22. Tecuamburro 1.840 31. Cerro Redondo
1.267 5. Water 3.766 14. 2.900 Chicabal 23. Jumaytepeque 1.815 32. The Vipers
1.070 6. Fire 3.763 15. Pacaya 2.522 24. Chingo 1.775 33. Amayo
1.044 7. 3.542 Zunil 16. Santiaguito 2.500 25. Tahual 1.716 34. Culma
1.027 8. 3.537 Atitlán 17. 2.176 Jumay 26. Cruz Quemada
1.690 9. Siete Orejas 3.370 18. 2.087 Tobón 27. 1.622 Moyuta

Source: Maps of Guatemala José Monzón Sierra



Tajumulco Volcano The volcano is located Tajumulco Tajumulco in the municipality, department of San Marcos and is located about 17 km from the border with Mexico.
This volcano is the highest in Guatemala and Central America, at an altitude of 4.220 meters. This contrasts with the height of the tallest volcano in El Salvador which is the Santa Ana volcano with a height of 2.365 meters, the tallest volcano in Nicaragua that is Musún to 2.000 meters and that of Costa Rica is the Irazu volcano with 3.432 meters.
Honduras has no known volcanoes. Tajumulco
The volcano has 2 cusps.

The largest peak is on the east side and has a small crater about 50 meters in diameter, and a tower triangulation.

lower cusp known as Cerro Concepción and at an altitude of 4.100 meters. Triangulation towers found in some volcanoes have been placed by the National Geographic Institute and used to measure distances and latitudes. Tajumulco
volcano is dead or extinct, this means that it is not active. The rock type of the two peaks is horblenda and pyroxene andesite.

Pacaya Volcano

The Pacaya volcano is located between the departments of Guatemala, Escuintla, and at an altitude of 2.550 meters, and is active type.
The Pacaya volcano is located between the departments of Guatemala and Escuintla, and at an altitude of 2.550 meters. This height has varied over the years due to various eruptions.
This volcano is part of a volcanic massif comprising the hills: Leaf Cheese with a height of 2.090 meters, Cerro de Agua with a height of 2.560 meters and the Cerro Chiquito with a height of 2.420 meters. While
part of a large volcanic caldera which includes Lake and Lake Amatitlán boilers. It has a secondary product called Pico Mackenney currently active.
Due to the constant eruptions, the cone shape is constantly changing. It also has openings or lava outflows different parts, can be observed from "The Plateau" and "Cerro Chino."
is an active volcano. The eruptions are Strombolian type, ie throws up ash, water vapor and small stones known as lapilli.
in the volcano's summit crater or observe the Cerro de Agua, and if it's clear the Agua, Fuego and Acatenango. Volcano

Tacaná

During the Indian period, between Mam known as Tacnahuyú or Tacnajuyú.
Location: Mun. Tacaná, SM, through which the border with Mexico under the Treaty of Limits on September 27, 1882. lat.15 ° 07'54 " long. 92 ° 06'30 ". Indian
During the period, among the Mam is known as Tacnahuyú or Tacnajuyú, it would
Tacaná hill. In the English period is also referred to as volcano Soconusco and a deed of sale was made on behalf of Mercy Blas Reinoso Diego Leon Cardona in 1628, as "the volcano peak called" V.: Tacaná (municipality). Is a truncated cone about 10 km. in diameter at the base. Its summit is formed by a capsule of lava at the foot of which lies a small plain surrounded by a semicircular ridge.
Two plains or courts, are in the foothills southeast respectively about 3.870 and 3.800 mts. in height, with each of these ridges or old Somma, a younger crater. In the foothills southwest lies adventitious elliptical crater, about 190 mts. below the summit. The summit crater, which left the dome, about 400 mts. in diameter.
The volcano sits on a granite massif in what has come to designate Sierra Madre. The main rock of the dome of the summit is angita andesite and hypersthene-colored. The rock at the foot of the volcano, near Sibinal is hypersthene andesite horblenda and black. At the base also emerge tuffs, breccias and pumice. The guy is stratovolcano with lava dome at its apex. Official geographical name. Tacaná volcano.


Cerro Quemado Volcano

This volcano is located in the municipality of Quetzaltenango, Quetzaltenango department.
Cerro Quemado volcano is formed by a complex of lava domes. The highest peak at an altitude of 3.197 meters. These lavas have been classified as andesite horblenda and mica. Andesitic pumice and horbléndico.
His name, "Cerro Quemado" is the translation of the word Catinocjuyup, it was as they called the indigenous Quiche Quetzaltenango.
currently has fumarolic activity that occurs at several sites in the top and skirts. Among them are the hot springs located on the main street of the municipality of Almolonga. In addition to the place known as "The Fume" to steam out of the volcano.
Almolonga The municipality has built several hot springs from the volcano Cerro Quemado. Volcano



Fire Volcano of Fire, is one of the most impressive in its eruptions have been recorded from 1524 to 1974. The Ashes have come to El Salvador and Honduras.

This volcano is located between two departments in the municipality of Alotenango, Sacatepéquez and part of Chimaltenango. The height of this has varied due to massive eruptions. Currently has a height of 3.763 meters.
Cakchiquel language His name is "Chi Gag" which means "where the fire." The Volcano of Fire is a twin brother Acatenango volcano because of its proximity. The union between the 2 volcanoes called "Wye" and at an altitude of 3.300 meters.
This fork has a special drainage called "Barranca Honda" through which pulls the lava.
The Volcano of Fire, is one of the most impressive in its eruptions have been recorded from 1524 to 1974. The Ashes have come to El Salvador and Honduras. Furthermore, in the vicinity can hear the rumbling and shaking. These eruptions continued over four years has led to consideration by the technical staff of the National Institute of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology and Hydrology - INSIVUMEH -.
This is the most difficult to climb the volcano because the lava is covered with cold.

Volcano Water

Located between the departments of Escuintla, Guatemala and Sacatepéquez.
In the Memorial of Solola or Annals of the Cakchiquel, the statement that they reached the current territory of Guatemala "twice walked his way, passing between the volcanoes that rise in a row, the Fire and Hunahpú. They were faced to face with the spirit of the volcano of Fire. "
The reference to the two volcanoes in a row, in Cakchiquel Chuconol Bolch nuyú Chi chi Hunahpú Gag, is the oldest known to date. Chi Gag, the volcano Fuego, Cakchiquel, preserved to this day between Aboriginal name, well deserved for the constant activity that has. As it comes to Hunahpú known today as the Agua volcano, whose name was given following the destruction of the second capital, Santiago, the night of 10 to 11 September 1541.
Commissioner Ponce Franciscan friar Alonso came on Monday July 14, 1586 Almolonga or Old Town towards the coast through the valley of Alotenango, and settled in his work that the current of water which lowered the volcano in September 1541 was to give the river in the valley Guacalate Alotenango: "The river came to give the water of the lagoon and the volcano that blew up there went to the South Sea ..." . For its part, the Franciscan Francisco Vázquez in his work refers to the current and the volcano Agua correntada that fell of their skirts, providing your old name and etymology.
With that once flooded the neighboring city (volcano) called by the natives Hunahpú, which is the same as bouquet or forest. "Florida Memorial in its written in the last decade of the seventeenth century, Fuentes and Guzman confirmed the flow of water was to give Guacalate River: By the skirt who has the part of the valley is going to give Alotenango, one of the gates through which flowed into the valley burst, which is the busiest of all ...". Although commits an inaccuracy have subsequently found that the highest volcano in Guatemala and thus is the Tajumulco Central America and the Agua volcano has been active in historical time, it is interesting to quote what he wrote in his Compendium Juarros in the first decade of nineteenth century: "In this province Sacatepéquez) are the famous volcanoes in Guatemala: the volcano called Mount Water is the steepest in the whole kingdom and there are few in the world that make you an advantage.
has the figure of a cone, dressed to the top of evergreens, which has a very nice show in sight. Has the former northern Guatemala, eastern Pacaya volcano which last name east of Fire, which according to the latest boundaries of these provinces belong to the jurisdiction of Chimaltenango.
Both have made great eruptions the most remarkable, that we know of, are the Pacaya made on July 11, 1775 and has done Fuego volcano in the years 1623, 1703, 1710 and 1711. At the foot of this mountain is a hole dug in hot springs, very hot, they are cured of various diseases, called San Andres, being near a village of that name and a warm bath, which gives off a sulphurous smell and effective remedy for scabies. "Reference to the town is San Andrés Ceballos, as it is known today.
The region is somewhat lower dissected by erosion. In evaluating vertical aerial photographs taken above the crater, you can recognize three ribs parallel north-northeast edge of the crater are directed down slope in that direction. Among them, two small parallel channels, causing the impression have been caused by banks that overflowed the crater, indicating clearly a forced and sudden sliding mass from inside the crater, not quedando duda que el borde del mismo debe haber estado un poco más alto que el actual.
En la pendiente noroeste, en la región del píe y en el tercio inferior de su altura relativa, encuéntranse seis pequeños cráteres alineados en dirección nor-noreste sur-sureste. Están inmediatamente debajo del límite de vegetación de la falda superior y como a unos cuatro kilómetros al sur de Ciudad Vieja.
El volcán no ha estado activo en tiempo histórico, siendo aún materia de discusión las corrientes de lodo que en la noche del 10 al 11 de septiembre de 1541 bajaron por las faldas del volcán y que, unidas a un terremoto, o a fuertes sismos, destruyeron la capital de Guatemala en su segundo asiento official. The rock of the volcano is an andesite pyroxene, as samples from the crater and walk northeast. The guy is stratovolcano.

Volcano Santa Maria

This volcano is located in the municipality of Quetzaltenango, Quetzaltenango department.
has a height of 3.772 meters.
The volcanic massif belongs to the Santa Maria was the oldest volcanic system and he also found Siete Orejas volcano and part of the volcano Chicabal.
is a stratovolcano, which is formed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic or lava fragments. Have a blast crater in western skirt and now Santiaguito volcano called.
Quiche Indians called him Gagxanul, which means "naked mountain or volcano." And there are reports of eruptions in the Memorial of Solola, Siglo XVI.
24 and October 25, 1902 there was a large magmatic eruption that took material to 8.6 miles away. Quetzaltenango feet were covered with volcanic ash and smoke rose to 30 km in height. Volcano

Quezaltepeque

This volcano is located in the municipality of Quezaltepeque, department of Chiquimula.

has a height of 1.903 meters. In this population is known as the Cerro Chiramay. Is very closed forest has low visibility. As
amount goes into a lush mountain, however, when approaching the village decreases Plans trees and you can enjoy a panoramic view. If it's clear, at the bottom you can see the volcanoes and Suchitán Ipala. To ascend to the summit, if you look carefully you can see the Basilica of Esquipulas. Volcán Atitlán



With a beautiful, symmetrical cone, is immediately south of the Toliman volcano.
Its location is in the dept. Solola and Suchitepéquez.
official geographical name: Volcán Atitlán.
With a beautiful, symmetrical cone is immediately south of the Toliman volcano, mainly in municipal jurisdiction of Santiago Atitlan Solola, although the southern part of the mountain range north of the department of Suchitepéquez. Lat.14 ° 34'57 ", long. 91 ° 11'11 ". San Lucas Toliman 1959 I.
In its northern flank, the limit of the forest has come almost to the top of the volcano, although there are helmets farms. Mainly of coffee, such as Mount Oro, San Lazaro, Los Andes, and so on. In its southern slope, from approximately 2.500 mts. upward, the volcano is almost devoid of vegetation. The summit is a crater about 250 meters. in diameter and about 50 mts. deep, open to the south and surrounded by concentric cracks and crevices, of which emanate from weak fumaroles. To the north and east is a small plateau at the top, where another depression crater of equal size.
cusp forms are the result of volcanic activity of the nineteenth century. The lower southern slope is deeply dissected by erosion and covered by forest. In the structural sense, the volcano is closely linked with the genesis of Lake Atitlan, a depression formed by tectonic subsidence. The peak of the volcano is located exactly on the extension of the fault line limited depression of the lake to the south the fault itself is recognized morphologically very clear step by steep terrain from the southern foot (dormant) volcano of San Pedro, runs east-southeast toward the Atitlán.
The Santa Clara Hill, southwest of San Pedro volcano has not been but is only the higher elevation of the fault stage. This volcano is one of the three bordering the lake, which in historical time since the English period has been active repeatedly. For indigenous documents, we know that so was approximately around the year 1469. Its last eruption was recorded June 3, 1853 when the ashes thrown caused a blackout.
The volcano is apparently rock andesite. The guy is a stratovolcano. The volcano itself, when the burst of Guatemala, there may be three years more or less threw fire, but very little. And ansi from time to time in the mornings and some afternoons smokes, although a small thing. Call this volcano Hunqat mother tongue, which sounds something that burns between them.
The other volcano is next to it toward the North has not burst or smoke ever seen and has no sign of having missed fire.. "This last reference can not be more than the current Toliman volcano.
In data General Population Census of 1880 relating to the current Santiago Atitlan, reference is made to the erupting volcano, "This village is situated between two volcanoes, one of which is in constant eruption," without elaborating.


Volcán San Pedro San Pedro
The volcano is located in the municipality of San Pedro La Laguna, Solola department and has a height of 3.020 meters.

This volcano has an almost symmetrical cone. The entrance to the crater is located to the side of the lake and usually the road is overgrown with weeds. The crater is small and you know the depth because they cover large trees.
million years ago broke the place where is now the Lake Atitlan. The explosion was so great that the sand came to Mexico, according to data obtained by geologists. Later, they went more eruptive, consider the Volcano San Pedro and Toliman volcanoes, Atitlán, and the Cerro de Oro, among others.
This volcano is separated by Atitlan and Toliman volcanoes has been photographed by tourists and foreigners. It is also easily accessible. Seven ears



If the volcano is observed from the road leading from San Marcos to San Juan Ostuncalco gives the impression of a woman lying down.
covers the municipalities of Quetzaltenango, La Esperanza, San Martín Sacatepéquez, Concepción and San Juan Ostuncalco Chiquirichapa department of Quetzaltenango. As its name implies, this volcano has seven spikes or ears, which is as it is known. The top has a height of 3.370 meters and is located in the northern area. Volcano

Jumay

This volcano is located in the town of Jalapa, Jalapa department. It is a great volcanic mountain crater that has no marking.

has a height of 2.176 meters and is the highest volcano in the East.
The lava flows were cross the road expelled Sansare-Jalapa. However, can not be observed carefully because they have been covered by weeds. The bottom of the volcano has been cleared and the summit was seen corn.

This volcano is located very near the town of Jalapa. Toliman Volcano



According natives say they have walked, "is quite useless land sown." The zutujiles sacrificed to the volcano.
Volcano on the southern shore of Lake Atitlan, dept. Solola. East of Santiago Bay and the cab. mun. Santiago Atitlan, west of San Lucas Bay and the cab. mun. San Lucas Toliman, Atitlan volcano's north. Official geographical name: Toliman Volcano. Has two peaks, with the south to 3.158 mts. SNM, lat. 14 ° 36'45 ", long. 91 ° 11'20'', while the peak or cone to the north is 3.134 meters. SNM, lat. 14 ° 37'15'', long. 91 ° 11'20.'' San Lucas Toliman 1959 I.
of the volcanoes that formed after the collapse verified depression now occupied by Lake Atitlan, Toliman possibly be the youngest. All the northern slope is covered with viscous lavas are recognized by their morphological exceptionally illustrative such as river forms semicircular canals on the surface and the edge of lava. In the northwest slope
these lavas have a very thick, forming the surface flat and slightly sloping terraces. More than likely that the lavas, or at least largely was the result of lateral eruptions, ie, cracks in the skirt. In the northern extension of the line joining the peaks of the Atitlan volcano with two of Toliman, is located near the banks of the lake the lava dome known as Cerro de Oro, whose origin can be considered very recent geological age . The main cone is the north. Has at its top a rocky crater, elliptical, about 40 meters deep and 150 200 meters in diameter. The southern peak cone can be seen more as adventitious and also has a small crater on its summit. There are no known volcanic eruptions in historical time. The rock samples have been classified as pyroxene andesites with horblenda.
viscous lava flows from the north side, are clearly acid andesites and dacites are very possibly. The guy is a stratovolcano, composed primarily of viscous lava flows. Among the descriptions of the sixteenth century, is the relationship that was made in February 1585 in Santiago Atitlan, partially updated in paleography Francis Gall. It was noted that adjacent to the volcano Atitlan "The other volcano is next to it toward the North has not burst or smoke ever seen and has no sign of having missed fire. Llámanle in the natural breast Oxiqahol, it means or mean three snot.'s All abaxo him up hilly, Pinal and oak forests and robredales and madroño and alders, and all of it is rocky, with large rocks and cold ground, say the natives who have gone, and it is very useless land sown. " The zutujiles sacrificed to the volcano.

height in meters. Elaboración propia.

Datos interesantes de los volcanes de Guatemala

--El de mayor volumen: el de Agua, entre los departamentos de Sacatepéquez y Escuintla, con un diámetro en su base de aproximadamente 15 kilómetros, 3766 metros sobre el nivel del mar y con un volumen aproximado de 40 kilómetros cúbicos de roca densa.
--El más alto: El Tajumulco en el departamento de San Marcos, con 4,220 msnm
--El más frecuentemente activo: El Santiaguito en el departamento de Quetzaltenango, que se ha mantenido activo desde que empezó a formarse en el año 1922, dentro del cráter dejado por la explosión del Volcán Santa María en 1902.
- The most brutal: The Junior, due to its constant eruptions Pelean
- who has launched the largest eruption column: The Fire, the departments of Escuintla Sacatepéquez and that during the eruption of 1932, launched a column of nearly 29,000 feet
- who has generated the most destructive pyroclastic flow: The Junior, which in 1929 produced a pyroclastic flow that killed nearly 2,500 people.
- who has generated the mud and debris flow more destructive: The Junior, in which between 1983 and 1984, and within the channel of the Rio Nima II, ran a lot of mud and debris que destruyó la población de El Palmar, generando pérdidas de casi 4 millones de dólares norteamericanos.

Destacar:

La erupción del volcán Santa María (Guatemala) en 1902 fue uno de los más grandes erupciones del siglo 20, formando un gran cráter en la montaña del flanco suroeste. Desde 1922, un domo de lava-complejo, de Santiaguito, ha sido la formación de cráteres en el 1902. Crecimiento de la cúpula ha producido flujos piroclásticos en fecha
tan reciente como el 2001.

La ciudad de Quetzaltenango de aproximadamente 90.000 personas en 1989 se sitúa por debajo de los 3772 m de cumbre. El volcán es considerado peligroso because of the possibility of a dome, like a collapse that occurred in 1929, which killed about 5000 people. A second danger results from the flow of volcanic debris in rivers south of Junior, which can lead to catastrophic flooding and mudflows.